PALESTINE’S LEGAL SCENE – Issue. 296

Your weekly survey of the most important publications and activities related to Palestine and law, from local and international sources

 1 – 6 September. 2025

Issued every Sunday by Law for Palestine

Prepared by: Nour Kharouf and Murad Abu Murad

Translation: Ferdous Abdul Hamid and Mai Shaheen

Editing: Widad Hussein

This weekly report reviews the legal dynamics of the Palestine question, and everything related to international law and Palestine. The report includes an account of the most important publications, activities and conferences related to Palestine at the local, regional, international levels. The report further covers decisions, decrees, and judicial orders affecting the Palestinian cause, whether made at the official, academic or public levels. The report aims to be a reference for monitoring, documenting and archiving the latest human rights developments related to Palestine, and to present them to individuals, researchers, study centers, and official, academic and legal institutions concerned.

To view this Issue of Palestine’s Legal Scene, please click here (5 minutes read)

Judicial decrees, decisions, positions, and orders issued by official Palestinian bodies:

• The Forum of Heads of the Association of Palestinian Local Authorities warned against attempts to undermine the national project by promoting “alternative entities” outside the national framework, such as the so-called “Hebron Emirate,” or by liquidating the camps and the refugee issue. (September 1, 2025)
• Palestinian presidential spokesman Nabil Abu Rudeineh stressed that any attempt to annex Palestinian land or expand settlements is unacceptable and illegitimate. He urged the international community to take serious measures to prevent Israel from carrying out its plans and to recognize the State of Palestine. (September 1, 2025)
• The Hebron Municipality condemned the takeover of a house in the Old City by settlers groups near the old municipality building, carried out under full protection of Israeli occupation forces. It described the move as part of a systematic policy to Judaize the Old City and impose a new reality on the ground. (September 3, 2025)
• The Palestinian Ministry of Justice denounced the US for imposing sanctions on three of the most prominent Palestinian human rights organizations, considering this decision a dangerous and unacceptable targeting of Palestinian civil society, and calling for the reversal of this unjustified decision. (September 5, 2025)

Judicial decrees, decisions, positions, and orders issued by official Israeli bodies:

• Israeli National Security Minister Itamar Ben-Gvir announced that he had prepared a plan to confront the Global Sumud Flotilla. The plan includes detention without access to television or radio, denial of superior-quality meals, extended custody beyond overnight detention, and aerial deportation. He also said the vessels would be seized and converted into police assets to establish a maritime force for police operations. (August 31, 2025)
• Ben-Gvir,Israeli National Security Minister announced the addition of five settlements; Kiryat Gat, Kiryat Malakhi, Gan Yavne, the Megiddo Regional Council, and Tel Mond, to the list of municipalities eligible for private firearm licenses. The measure allows roughly 100,000 Israelis to legally own firearms. According to his office, about 230,000 new firearm licenses have been issued since the launch of the armament policy. (September 1, 2025)
• Israeli Finance Minister Bezalel Smotrich said that control over the land is the core issue, stressing that whoever controls the land determines its future, and that his government is implementing sovereignty in practice. He added that 2025 may be the first year since 1967 in which Israel demolishes more “illegal” buildings, erected in Area C, than are constructed. (September 1, 2025)
• The Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs criticized a statement by the International Association of Genocide Scholars (IAGS) that described events in Gaza as genocide. The Ministry called it an embarrassment to the legal profession and academic standards, claiming it was based entirely on “Hamas’s campaign of lies and the laundering of those lies by others.” It also condemned the decision of 150 media outlets to suspend coverage simultaneously and issue “a pre-drafted joint political statement against Israel”. (September 1, 2025)
• Israeli Finance Minister Bezalel Smotrich, announcedthe designation of 445 dunams of land in the West Bank as state property, including the site of the Havat Gilad settlement. The move paves the way for transforming Havat Gilad from an unauthorized outpost into a recognized settlement and expanding its area threefold. (September 2, 2025)
• Israeli Finance Minister Bezalel Smotrich unveiled a plan to annex 82% of the West Bank, stating that the time has come to apply Israeli sovereignty over “Judea and Samaria – the West Bank” and to prevent the establishment of a Palestinian state. The plan includes isolating six Palestinian cities including Ramallah, Nablus, Jenin, Tulkarem, Jericho, and Hebron with the goal of achieving ‘maximum land area with the minimum number of Arab residents'”. (September 2, 2025)
• Israeli Finance Minister Bezalel Smotrich unveileda plan to annex 82% of the West Bank, declaring that the time has come to apply Israeli sovereignty over “Judea and Samaria – the West Bank” and to prevent the establishment of a Palestinian state. The plan calls for isolating six Palestinian cities; Ramallah, Nablus, Jenin, Tulkarem, Jericho, and Hebron, with the stated goal of achieving maximum territory andminimum Arab population. (September 2, 2025)
• Israeli Foreign Minister Gideon Sa’ar criticized French President Emmanuel Macron’s intervention regarding U.S. visas for Palestinian officials, warning that Macron’s involvement is disconnected from the reality on the ground and undermines regional stability. (September 2, 2025)
• Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu described his Belgian counterpart Bart De Wever as a weak leader who seeks to appease Islamic terrorism at Israel’s expense, responding to punitive steps taken by Belgium against Israel. He affirmed that Israel will not go along and would continue to defend itself. The Israeli Foreign Minister added that Belgium’s decision to recognize Palestine was a strange move made under pressure. (September 3, 2025)
• Drop Site News reported that the office of Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu signed a six-month, $45 million contract with Google (from June 17 to December 31, 2025) to disseminate propaganda through Google and YouTube. The campaign aims to deny the famine in Gaza, justify the blockade and genocide, and discredit UNRWA and human rights organizations. (September 3, 2025)

Judicial decrees, decisions, positions, and orders issued by Arab, European, and international bodies: 

• During an informal meeting of EU foreign ministers, the Slovenian foreign minister stressed that the European Union must take action against the Israeli government, noting that the officially declared famine in Gaza, the expansion of illegal settlements, and disregard for the humanitarian agreement with the Union all demand a response. She affirmed that inaction is unacceptable and undermines both the Union’s credibility and the foundations of international law. She called for the adoption of European sanctions against the Israeli government either by consensus or, if necessary, by qualified majority. (August 30, 2025)
• German Foreign Minister Johann David Vadvol stated that the humanitarian situation in Gaza has reached “unfathomable dimensions,” stressing that Israel must take immediate, comprehensive and durable measures to remedy the disastrous situation in the Gaza Strip, allow safe and effective access for the United Nations and international relief organizations, and ensure the distribution of aid. He added that Germany is convinced a negotiated solution based on the two-state formula is the only way to enable both peoples to live in peace, considering the recognition of the Palestinian state as a step more at the end of the process. He also warned that Berlin would be forced to respond to any unilateral measures. (August 31, 2025)
• European Council President António Costa stated that the suffering of civilians, especially children, in the Gaza Strip is appalling and unacceptable, stressing that the right to self-defense does not justify the indiscriminate destruction of civilian infrastructure or the collective punishment of an entire people. He added that Palestinian representatives must be allowed to participate in international forums, including the United Nations General Assembly and the upcoming conference on the conflict. (September 1, 2025)
• The Central Bank of Ireland has announced that it will not renew approval for the sale of Israeli bonds after the current authorisation expires on September 1, 2025. The approval was transferred to Luxembourg, which subsequently issued new Israeli Eurobonds. (September 1, 2025)
• Malaysia’s Foreign Ministry expressed deep concern over measures aimed at preventing Palestinian representatives from participating in the 80th session of the United Nations General Assembly in New York, urging their cancellation to preserve multilateral diplomacy. French President Emmanuel Macron also criticized the decision, calling for Palestinian representation in accordance with the Host Country Agreement. He emphasized that the goal of the conference, scheduled to be held in New York, is to mobilize the widest possible international support for the two-state solution. (September 2, 2025)
• Jordanian Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs Ayman Safadi said at the 20th Bled Strategic Forum that What the Israeli aggression in Gaza did was not just destroy a whole community, destroy schools, hospitals, destroy life itself. It also destroyed belief in the credibility of international law, stressing that there is no partner for peace in the current Israeli government. (September 2, 2025)
• The Washington Post revealed that a plan under discussion within the Trump administration, called the Gaza Reconstitution, Economic Acceleration, and Transformation (GREAT Trust), would place Gaza under a U.S.-administered trusteeship for at least 10 years while transforming it into a “Riviera of the Middle East.” The plan would include the temporary relocation of Gaza’s more than 2 million residents, either through what it calls “voluntary” departures to other countries or confinement to restricted, secured zones inside the enclave during reconstruction. (September 2, 2025)
• Belgian Foreign Minister Maxime Prévot announced that Belgium will recognize Palestine and impose 12 strict sanctions on the Israeli government. These include a ban on importing settlement products, restrictions on government procurement from Israeli companies, reduced consular assistance to residents of illegal settlements, and possible legal prosecutions. He later said Belgium decided to impose sanctions on Israel because it is “tired” of the European Union’s reluctance to take effective measures. He also confirmed before the Belgian Federal Parliament that recognition of Palestine would take place in two stages: first, a political and symbolic step through signing the New York Declaration recognizing the Palestinians’ right to a state; and second, legal recognition, conditional upon the release of hostages held by Hamas and the removal of Hamas from Palestinian administration. (September 2–3, 2025)
• S. President Donald Trump stated that although Israel may be winning the Gaza war, it is struggling to improve its image in public opinion. He stressed that Israel must end the conflict quickly, noting that it is damaging the country. (September 2, 2025)
• S. Ambassador to Israel Mike Huckabee expressed the Trump administration’s concern over the potential economic collapse of the Palestinian Authority in the West Bank, warning that it could lead to a security escalation. He confirmed that he is holding talks with Israeli and Palestinian officials on a plan to release Palestinian funds and reduce the risks of economic collapse. Despite these efforts, discussions came to a halt after some Western countries announced their intention to recognize Palestine at the United Nations, a move Israel considered undermining goodwill in the negotiations. (September 2, 2025)
• The UAE Assistant Foreign Minister warned Israel against annexing the West Bank, describing it as a ‘red line’ that threatens peace and regional integration. He affirmedannexation would eliminate the prospect of a two-state solution and expressed confidence that the U.S. President Trump would not allow the Abraham Accords to be jeopardized. (September 3, 2025)
• Arab League Secretary-General Ahmed Aboul Gheit said that the key priority for the coming stage is to preserve the Palestinian state project in the face of attempts by the occupation to erase it through displacement and land seizure. (September 3, 2025)
• The Spanish Prime Minister said that the EU’s refusal to hold the Israeli government accountable for the massacres and famine amounts to an absolute failure and reflects double standards compared to its response to Ukraine. He confirmed that he pushed for suspending the strategic partnership with Israel and imposing financial sanctions. (September 3, 2025)
• The Jordanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Expatriate condemnedIsraeli Finance Minister Bezalel Smotrich’s hostile statements advocating for the annexation of the West Bank, barring the establishment of a Palestinian state, and threatening the Palestinian Authority, considering them a blatant breach of international law. The ministry affirmed that Israel has no sovereignty over the occupied Palestinian territories. (September 3, 2025)
• The United States of America announced sanctions against three Palestinian human rights organizations—Al-Haq, the Palestinian Center for Human Rights, and the Al Mezan Center for Human Rights—for their role in facilitating the International Criminal Court’s efforts to investigate, arrest, or prosecute Israeli nationals. (September 4, 2025)
• UN experts expressed outrage over the killing of six more Palestinian journalists in multiple Israeli airstrikes on Gaza over the past ten days, noting that the number of journalists killed in Gaza has reached 248; the highest in any recent conflict. They called for independent criminal investigations and an end to the unprecedented impunity, and urged Israel to grant international media full access to the Gaza Strip. (September 4, 2025)
• The European Commission’s executive vice president, Teresa Ribera said Israeli actions in Gaza is a genocide, stressing that the situation exposed Europe’s failure to act and speak with one voice, even as protests spread across European cities and 14 U.N. Security Council members call for an immediate ceasefire. Ribera added that Europe was too divided to address the starvation, displacement and killing of Palestinians, emphasizing that the situation in Gaza represents a threat to human rights and fundamental freedoms. (September 4, 2025)
• The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Volker Türk, stated that the sanctions imposed by the United States government on three prominent and well-respected Palestinian human rights organizations are completely unacceptable and should be withdrawn. Türk affirmed that these sanctions will negatively impact civil society in the Palestinian territories and Israel, deepen impunity, silence the voices of victims, and encourage a climate of continued commission of violations and international and war crimes. (September 5, 2025)
• The foreign ministries of Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Egypt, Qatar, and Kuwait, along with the Secretary General of the Gulf Cooperation Council, condemned the repeated statements made by the Israeli Prime Minister regarding the displacement of Palestinians from the Gaza Strip through the Rafah crossing, considering them a flagrant violation of international law. (September 5, 2025)
• UN experts issued an urgent appeal for an emergency meeting of the UN General Assembly, warning that the international community must act immediately and demand an end to Israel’s occupation of Palestine, as genocide and a man-made famine unfold in Gaza. They stressed the need to hold Israel accountable. And called on the General Assembly to adopt urgent measures, including opening all crossings to humanitarian aid under direct UN oversight, deploying emergency navies carrying humanitarian aid, granting international humanitarian convoys full UN authority to coordinate and supervise all crossings into Gaza, enforcing an immediate and permanent ceasefire, and the releasing of Palestinian and Israeli prisoners. (September 5, 2025)

Publications of human rights NGOs:

• Professor William Schabas, a leading expert in genocide studies, said that the case brought by South Africa against Israel before the International Court of Justice represents “arguably the strongest case of genocide ever brought before the Court.” He emphasized that the evidence extends beyond patterns of Israeli military conduct to include statements made by senior officials, demonstrating genocidal intent. He further warned that third states such as the United States, Germany, and Canada could be held legally responsible as complicit in genocide under Article III of the Genocide Convention, given their military and political support for Israel. (August 30, 2025)
• The Hind Rajab Foundation and the Palestinian Centre for Human Rights submitted a formal complaint to the International Criminal Court regarding the massacre at the Nasser Medical Complex in Khan Younis on August 25, 2025. They stressed that the attack was a deliberate double strike carried out with full knowledge of the presence of civilians. They called on the Court to issue arrest warrants for all those responsible, from the field level up to the political leadership. (August 31, 2025)
• The International Association of Genocide Scholars adopted a resolution stating that Israel’s policies and actions in Gaza amount to genocide under Article II of the 1948 United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. The resolution further declared that these acts also constitute war crimes and crimes against humanity under international humanitarian law and the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. It called on Israel to cease all actions that constitute genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity, and urged States Parties to the International Criminal Court to cooperate in arresting and surrendering those responsible. (August 31, 2025)
• Al Mezan Center for Human Rights released a new report, “Kill the Witness, Hide the Crimes: Israel’s Campaign of Silencing Palestinian Journalists and Media Workers to Conceal the Gaza Genocide”, documenting the grave and systematic violations committed by Israel against Palestinian journalists and media workers during the ongoing genocide in Gaza since October 7, 2023. (September 1, 2025)
• The Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor said that the Israeli army is using armoured, explosive-laden robots to demolish about 300 residential units daily in Gaza City and Jabalia, noting that the unprecedented pace of destruction in Gaza City indicates Israel’s determination to wipe the city off the map. (September 1, 2025)
• The Center for Research and Development for Democracy (CRED) rejected the so-called Trump-Netanyahu plan for Gaza, describing it as a continuation of genocide and a violation of the Palestinian people’s right to self-determination. The center emphasized the importance of all forms of Palestinian resistance against genocide. (September 1, 2025)
• The Palestine Solidarity Campaign issued a legal notice to all local councils in England and Wales administering Local Government Pension Scheme (LGPS) funds, outlining that they are under a legal obligation to divest from companies enabling or profiting from Israel’s crimes. A letter was also sent to Secretary of State Angela Rayner, urging her to issue guidance requiring an end to investments in complicit companies. (September 1, 2025)
• J Street slams the US decision to deny visas to Palestinian passport holders and leaders ahead of the 80th UN General Assembly, urging the US administration to reverse the decision. Al-Haq condemned the decision, calling it unlawful, a violation of the UN Headquarters Agreement, and an abuse of power to silence Palestinians. The organization called on the UN to relocate this year’s General Assembly meetings to Geneva and to begin procedures to transfer its headquarters to a state that respects the UN Charter. (September 2, 2025)
• 7amleh – The Arab Center for the Advancement of Social Media issued a new report exposing Meta’s role in amplifying incitement and hate speech in Hebrew during Israel’s genocidal war on Gaza. The report accused the company of failing to protect Palestinians, pursuing biased policies, using its advertising infrastructure to enable such discourse, and disregarding the provisional measures of the International Court of Justice. (September 2, 2025)
• The Hind Rajab Foundation filed an official complaint with the Prosecutor of the Supreme Court in Greece against an officer in the Israeli armed forces, citing his direct responsibility for war crimes, torture, and genocide during operations in Gaza. The foundation confirmed the officer’s presence on Greek territory, which obligates the state to open a criminal investigation and prosecute him.” (September 3, 2025)
• A joint investigation by The Guardian, +972 Magazine, and Local Call revealed that three-quarters of the Palestinians detained by Israel in Gaza and classified as “unlawful combatants” are civilians. A secret military intelligence database showed that only around 1,450 out of 6,000 detainees belonged to the military wings of Hamas and Islamic Jihad, whereas the rest included patients, elderly people, doctors, teachers, and children—many of whom were held under conditions described as torture and enforced disappearance. (September 4, 2025)
• Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) warned that Palestinians are facing forced mass displacement across the West Bank by Israeli forces and settlers, significantly increasing the risk of ethnic cleansing in the occupied territory. The organization noted that Israeli policies and practices blatantly designed to remove Palestinians from their land and prevent any possibility of return. (September 4, 2025)
• The Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR) sent a letter to Google CEO Sundar Pichai expressing deep concern regarding reports that Google entered into a $45 million advertising agreement to amplify Israeli government-produced content that seeks to justify or deny famine, mass displacement, and grave human rights violations against Palestinians in Gaza. CAIR called on Google to immediately cancel the contract. (September 5, 2025)
• Al-Haq, the Palestinian Center for Human Rights (PCHR), and Al Mezan Center for Human Rights condemned the US sanctions imposed on them, considering them part of the ongoing US-backed Israeli genocide. The organizations called on the international community to lift these sanctions, protect their operations and staff in Gaza and the West Bank, and impose diplomatic and economic sanctions on Israel to end its genocide of the Palestinian people. (September 5, 2025)
• Ten Palestinian Civil Society Organizations in Israel condemned the US sanctions imposed on Palestinian human rights organizations Al Mezan, Al Haq, and the Palestinian Center for Human Rights (PCHR). They considered these measures illegal and aimed at shielding Israel from accountability and undermining the ability of Palestinians to defend their rights. They called for their immediate repeal of the sanctions andfor ensuring the protection of these organizations’ staff. (September 5, 2025)
• The Hind Rajab Foundation, Law for Palestine, Coalition for the International Criminal Court, EuroMed Rights, Coalition for Human Rights in Development, Irish Council for Civil Liberties, ODHE, International Federation for Human Rights, and DAWN condemned the recent US sanctions against three Palestinian human rights organizations and called for their withdrawal. (September 5, 2025)
• The Senior Director for Research, Advocacy, Policy and Campaigns at Amnesty International, Erika Guevara-Rosas said that the Trump administration’s decision to impose sanctions against three prominent Palestinian human rights organizations is a deeply troubling and shameful assault on human rights and the global pursuit of justice revealing efforts to undermine international justice and shield Israel from accountability. Liz Evenson, international justice director at Human Rights Watch also considered these sanctions a cruel and vindictive effort to punish those simply advocating for victims of serious crimes. (September 5, 2025)

Research and academic studies (in Arabic and English):

• The Leiden Journal of International Law published a research paper by Dr. Mutaz Qafisheh, Dr. Jinan Bastaki, and Dr. Victor Kattan titled: “Gaza Marine: the Facts and the Law”. (2025)
• International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews published a research paper by Nkechi Cynthia Osuchukwu and others titled: “Political Mobilization and Advocacy Strategies of Palestinian Groups Amid Genocide Allegations in the Gaza Conflict, 2023–2024”. (2025)
• Law and Critique Journal published a research paper by A. Dirk Moses titled: “An Earlier Genocide Debate: Vietnam, International Law, and the Question of Gaza”.(2025)
• Cardozo International & Comparative Law Review magazine published a research paper by Michael Ramsden titled: “Litigating the Gaza Crisis: Legal and Political Strategies in South Africa v. Israel”.(2025)      
• Lund University Faculty of Law published a master’s thesis by researcher Ida Sahlin entitled: “Clarifying and comparing the legal obligations of third states and International organizations, and their right to take countermeasures in response to violations of international law”.(2025)
• The Arab American University published a doctoral dissertation by researcher Hatem Shaheen titled: “The One State Scenario and the Palestinian Israel Conflict in Accordance with the International Law”. (2025)

Opinion Pieces and features:

• Haaretz published an article by Jack Khoury and Nir Hasson titled: “Gaza Faces Deadly Respiratory Outbreak Amid War, Hunger, and Medicine Shortage”. (August 31, 2025)
• Middle East Monitor published an op-ed by Peter Rodgers titled: “On the necessity of expelling Israel from the UN General Assembly”.(September 1, 2025)
• The Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO) published an article by Jørgen Jensehaugen and Kjersti G. Berg titled: “The starvation of Gaza is a deliberate policy”. (September 1, 2025)
• Other News published an article by Jeffrey Sachs and Sybille Fares titled: “How to Stop Israel from Starving Gaza”.(September 1, 2025)
• An article by By Daan de Grefte , Floor Elize Knoote , Lydia de Leeuw and Ron Rosenhart Rodriguez was published under the title: “National Courts as The Last Bastion of Genocide Prevention: Reflections on the Dutch Case”. (September 1, 2025)
• Scene 48 published an article by Angela Godfrey-Goldstein titled: “Between Dissonance and Denial: The Gaza Genocide as a Test of Humanity”.(September 1, 2025)
• Haaretz published an opinion article by Jack Khoury titled: “If You Want to Know What Gaza’s Future Will Be, Just Look at the West Bank”. (September 3, 2025)
• Middle East Monitor published an opinion article by Ramzy Baroud titled: “A Global Awakening: How People Power Is Reshaping Western Policy on Palestine”.(September 3, 2025)
• Middle East Monitor published an opinion article by Mustafa Fetouri titled: “A Losing Battle: Israel’s Struggle Against Genocide Scholars”.(September 4, 2025)
• Middle East Eye published an opinion piece by Mouin Rabbani titled: “In the West, it is a crime to deny one Holocaust and dangerous to name another”. (September 5, 2025)

Legal Achievements/Impacts for Palestine:

• The Scottish Government announced the suspension of new grants to defense companies cooperating with Israel and pledged £1 million in humanitarian aid to establish a field medical center in Gaza and to support the UN fund for the Occupied Palestinian Territory. It also called on the UK Government to recognize the State of Palestine and end military cooperation with Israel. (September 3, 2025)

Human rights conferences and events:

• Reporters Without Borders (RSF), in collaboration with the Avaaz platform, announced the launch of an international media campaign involving hundreds of media organizations in more than 50 countries. They call for the protection of Palestinian journalists in Gaza, an end to impunity for Israeli crimes against journalists, and the independent entry of foreign press into Gaza. (August 31, 2025)
• British cosmetics company (Lush) closed all its stores in the United Kingdom, along with its website and factories, for one day as an expression of solidarity with Palestine and in protest against the Israeli government’s blockade of humanitarian aid to Gaza. The company stated that the decision to halt operations for a full day aims to send a strong message to the British government to take action to stop the death and destruction, including ending arms sales to Israel. (September 3, 2025)

Upcoming human rights opportunities and events:

• 7amleh – The Arab Center for the Advancement of Social Media announced that it will hold a Zoom webinar on Monday, September 8, 2025, at 7:00 p.m. Palestine time, titled “Meta’s Role in Amplifying Harmful Content during the Genocide,” coinciding with the release of its new report on the subject. The webinar will discuss the role of Big Tech companies in atrocity crimes, and how Meta’s platforms have amplified incitement, spread misinformation and paid propaganda, while silencing Palestinian voices. The event will feature fellow Maha Loulou from Law for Palestine. (September 4, 2025)